the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It’s primarily caused by persistent infection with certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is the 4th most common cancer affecting women worldwide but in Singapore, it is the 10th most common female cancer. Every year, more than 200 women in Singapore are diagnosed with cervical cancer.The high risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), play a causative role in causing most cervical cancers. The low risk strains cause genital warts but do not cause cancers.
While it may not show symptoms in its early stages, it can present with abnormal vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge pelvic pain, or discomfort as it progresses. Regular screening through methods like Pap smears and HPV testing can detect precancerous changes early before cancer develops so that effective treatment can be rendered. Prevention efforts focus on HPV vaccination and regular screening to reduce the incidence and mortality rates associated with this highly preventable cancer.
Cervical Cancer Screening
In Singapore, cervical cancer screening is widely available and typically follows guidelines similar to those recommended by international health organizations. Here’s an overview of cervical cancer screening in Singapore:
- Screening Tests: The two primary screening tests for cervical cancer are the Pap smear (Pap test) and HPV testing. The Pap smear involves collecting cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect any abnormalities. HPV testing detects the presence of high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which can lead to cervical cancer.
- Screening Guidelines: The recommended screening guidelines in Singapore may vary slightly among healthcare providers, but they generally align with international recommendations. Screening typically begins at age 25 or within three years of the onset of sexual activity, whichever comes later.
- Frequency: For women aged 25 to 29, Pap smears are usually recommended every three years. From age 30 onwards, it is recommended to have the HPV testing every five years.
- Vaccination: In addition to screening, HPV vaccination is an effective preventive measure against cervical cancer. In Singapore, HPV vaccination is recommended for girls aged 9 to 45 years old. The HPV vaccine is typically administered in two or three doses, depending on the age of the individual.
- Healthcare Providers: Cervical cancer screening services are available at various healthcare facilities in Singapore, including public hospitals, polyclinics, and private clinics. Women can consult their primary care physicians or gynecologists for advice on screening and vaccination.
- Follow-up Care: If abnormalities are detected during screening, women will be referred for further evaluation, which may include colposcopy (a procedure to examine the cervix more closely) and biopsy (sampling of cervical tissue for examination).
- Health Insurance Coverage: Cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination are typically covered by health insurance plans in Singapore. However, coverage may vary depending on the specific terms and conditions of individual insurance policies.
Read more : Gynecology and obstetrics
